The State of Workers Report 2023

This report draws from surveys fielded Jan. 21-29, 2023, among 6,610 U.S. adults, including 3,497 employed adults, and Jan. 21-25, 2022, among 6,610 U.S. adults, including 3,535 employed adults.

All survey interviews were conducted online, and the data was weighted based on age, gender, race, educational attainment, region, gender by age and race by educational attainment. Both surveys have unweighted margins of error of +/-1percentage point.

Part of the analysis was done using a cluster analysis technique, which is a specific, semiautomated way of segmenting our respondents. Cluster analysis requires some human decisions and input, including which features to include in the analysis and the method of choice. “Features” refers to the existing variables we selected for the cluster analysis.

Morning Consult data scientists used partitioning around medoids (PAM), also known as k-medoids, to develop the clusters in this report. This cluster analysis method is robust, with the ability to include outliers and allow users to input exclusively quantitative or mixed features.

The PAM analysis develops clusters by placing respondents into relatively homogenous groups based on distances between responses to the selected features. For this report, we selected features for the cluster analysis with the intent to sort respondents based on their experiences with and perspectives on work, as well as how they value work in their lives. Throughout this report, the results of a five-cluster PAM model with mixed feature inputs are used for analysis.

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